In 2017, the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the European Union brought significant attention to the pressing challenges posed by migration flows through the Central Mediterranean route. Today, nearly a decade later, the EU remains steadfast in its commitment to addressing these ongoing issues, building on the frameworks and partnerships established during that pivotal year.
The Central Mediterranean route has long been a critical migration pathway for individuals fleeing conflict, economic hardship, and climate-induced displacement in parts of Africa and the Middle East. However, the route is also infamous for the dangers it poses, with countless lives lost at sea as migrants attempt perilous journeys to Europe. The efforts initiated during Estonia’s presidency set the stage for a coordinated EU approach to mitigating these risks while addressing the root causes of migration.
A Decade of Progress: Achievements Since 2017
The EU’s response to the migration crisis has evolved significantly since 2017, with various measures introduced to improve border management, support frontline member states, and ensure the humane treatment of migrants.
- Enhanced Border Security
The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) has become central to the EU’s strategy. By deploying advanced surveillance technologies, offering logistical support to member states, and coordinating rescue operations, Frontex has improved the EU’s ability to monitor and respond to migration flows along the Central Mediterranean route. In 2024 alone, the agency reported a 25% reduction in irregular crossings due to strengthened border cooperation. - Partnerships with Transit and Source Countries
The EU has expanded its partnerships with African nations, focusing on a two-pronged approach: reducing irregular migration and creating development opportunities in source countries. Initiatives like the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa have invested billions in job creation, education, and infrastructure, aiming to address the root causes of migration. - Improved Asylum Processes
In response to criticisms about delays and inefficiencies, the EU implemented the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) reforms. These reforms ensure faster asylum decisions, equitable distribution of asylum seekers across member states, and the establishment of legal pathways for migration. - Combatting Human Trafficking
Smugglers and trafficking networks have exploited the desperation of migrants, leading to a rise in criminal activity. EU-wide operations have targeted these networks, leading to hundreds of arrests and a disruption in trafficking routes.
Persistent Challenges
Despite these advancements, the Central Mediterranean remains one of the most active and dangerous migration routes. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), over 130,000 people attempted the crossing in 2024, with more than 2,200 recorded deaths or disappearances. Climate change, political instability, and economic crises in the Global South have compounded the factors driving migration.
The EU also continues to face internal challenges, as member states often disagree on the distribution of responsibilities for accommodating migrants. Countries like Italy and Greece, which are primary entry points, have called for greater solidarity from other member states, emphasizing the need for a fairer burden-sharing mechanism.
The Path Forward: A Renewed Vision
The EU’s approach in 2025 emphasizes long-term, sustainable solutions that address both immediate needs and structural causes of migration. Key strategies include:
- Legal Migration Channels
Expanding safe and regulated pathways for individuals seeking employment or refuge in Europe is a top priority. Programs like the Blue Card Scheme are being revised to allow more skilled and semi-skilled workers from non-EU countries. - Climate Resilience Programs
Recognizing the role of climate change in displacing populations, the EU has allocated additional funds for climate resilience projects in vulnerable regions. These initiatives aim to help communities adapt to changing environments, reducing the pressure to migrate. - Increased Regional Cooperation
Collaborative efforts with organizations such as the African Union and the United Nations are fostering more holistic approaches to managing migration. Joint initiatives focus on capacity-building, governance, and regional security.
Reflection on Estonia’s Legacy
The 2017 Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU played a crucial role in shaping the Union’s migration policy. Estonia’s leadership underscored the importance of shared responsibility, humane treatment of migrants, and proactive engagement with transit countries.
As EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen noted in a recent address: “The challenges are evolving, but our commitment remains unwavering. Europe must continue to act with unity and purpose to address migration challenges.”
A United Effort
As the EU prepares for a new summit addressing migration in the Central Mediterranean, the lessons of 2017 resonate strongly. The focus remains on ensuring that Europe stands as a beacon of solidarity and shared responsibility. In doing so, the Union aims to develop a migration strategy that protects human lives, strengthens borders, and fosters stability in the Mediterranean region.
In an increasingly interconnected world, the EU’s response to migration challenges will remain a testament to its values of unity, compassion, and resilience.
